Inflammation is an innate defense response by which the body responds to external stimuli, maintaining internal homeostasis and protecting the central nervous system. However, excessive neuroinflammatory responses can induce neuronal degeneration and promote the development of neurological diseases. Numerous studies demonstrate that glial cells are critical in neuroinflammation through cellular phenotypic differentiation, inflammatory activation, cytokine release, and immune system regulation. This review examines the role of glial cells in neuroinflammation, analyzing inflammatory signaling pathways, key markers, and their relationships with central nervous system diseases, providing insights for potential therapeutic interventions targeting neuroinflammatory processes.