Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is one of the main causes of Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). In recent years, a large number of studies have shown that oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of CSVD. Among them, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), as a marker of oxidative DNA damage, and Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), as an important antioxidant enzyme in the body, the changes in their levels are closely related to cerebrovascular pathology and cognitive function decline. This article systematically reviews the research progress at home and abroad on 8-OHdG and GSH-PX in CSVD and VCI, summarizes the potential application values of the two in the early diagnosis, disease assessment, and intervention of the diseases, and at the same time discusses the existing deficiencies and future research directions.